Built as an extension of the Horti Variani, the Circus Varianus functioned as an exclusive hippodrome associated with the ruling elite. While its primary use was for chariot races and athletic events, it also played a role in the political spectacle of the Roman emperors. Over time, modifications were made to the structure, particularly under Emperor Elagabalus (r. 218–222 CE), who significantly altered its layout. Eventually, the construction of the Aurelian Walls in the late 3rd century CE divided the circus, rendering much of it obsolete. Today, remnants of the circus can still be seen near Porta Maggiore and the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme.

circa 200 CE

The Circus Varianus was likely initiated by Caracalla, an emperor known for his enthusiasm for chariot racing. Originally, it exceeded the length of the Circus Maximus, stretching approximately 640 meters. However, during the short reign of Elagabalus, the western portion of the circus was removed to accommodate expansions to the imperial palace, reducing its overall size. This modification also involved repositioning the carceres (starting gates) and the addition of two towers at one end.

By 271 CE, the construction of the Aurelian Walls bisected the circus, leaving a portion of it within the city and the majority outside. This effectively ended its function as a chariot-racing venue. During the late Roman period, the interior sections within the walls were repurposed, possibly serving as storage facilities or residences for palace servants.

By the 4th century CE, the Circus Varianus had largely fallen into disuse. The sections within the Aurelian Walls were adapted for practical purposes, possibly as service quarters for the imperial residence. In the 16th century, records indicate that an obelisk once belonging to the circus was discovered on-site. Originally erected in the Egyptian city of Antinoöpolis and later moved to Rome under Elagabalus, the obelisk was subsequently transferred to the Palazzo Barberini in 1633, relocated to the Vatican in 1769, and ultimately placed on Monte Pincio in 1822, where it remains today.

The Circus Varianus, though overshadowed by the grander Circus Maximus and Circus of Nero, remains an important example of private imperial entertainment spaces in ancient Rome. Its ruins provide valuable insights into the relationship between architecture, imperial propaganda, and urban development in the late empire.

circa 200 CE

The layout of the Circus Varianus followed the traditional design of Roman circuses. It featured an elliptical shape with a central spina (median strip) around which races were conducted. The carceres were positioned at either end, allowing for staggered starts in chariot competitions. Seating tiers (cavea) surrounded the racing track, with the emperor enjoying a reserved section known as the pulvinar.

The circus’s connection to the imperial residence reflected a common practice among Roman rulers, first established by Augustus on the Palatine Hill. This proximity allowed emperors to stage spectacles as a means of reinforcing their public image and political authority. The complex was integrated into the broader architectural and symbolic landscape of imperial Rome, reinforcing the link between power and entertainment.