The Great Mosque of Mecca today is a large complex of buildings, ritual landmarks, pilgrimage facilities, includes other important significant sites, such as the Hajar al-Aswad, the Zamzam Well, Maqam Ibrahim, and the hills of Safa and Marwa.

The Great Mosque is the main setting for the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages that occur in the month of Dhu al-Hijja in the Islamic calendar and at any time of the year, respectively. It is one of the "Five Pillars of Islam" that requires every Muslim to undertake a pilgrimage journey, one of the largest annual gatherings of people in the world, at least once in their lifetime when able to do so (physically and financially), which includes a number of rituals including the central circumambulating the Kaaba.

The history of the Great Mosque of Mecca, today known as the Masjid al-Haram, or simply the Haram, consists of two types in nature, first is the oral or religious tradition and the second is the material tradition.

Early History and the Foundation of Masjid al-Haram
The foundation of Masjid al-Haram, as a religious center, traces back to the time of Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham), who, along with his son Isma'il, is believed to have built the Kaaba as a place of worship dedicated to the one true God. Islamic tradition holds that the original structure of the mosque was simple and modest, with the Kaaba at its center. The early mosque was open and unroofed, designed primarily for the worship of Allah by the small community of Ibrahim’s followers. The establishment of the mosque symbolized a place of worship that would eventually become the qibla for Muslims worldwide.

The Quraysh Era and the Reconstruction of the Kaaba
By the time of the Prophet Muhammad, the Quraysh tribe, who controlled Makkah, undertook significant renovations to the Kaaba and its surrounding area. The Quraysh rebuilt the Kaaba, reinforcing it with stronger materials and establishing a more structured space for prayer. During this period, the mosque around the Kaaba also began to take shape, albeit still without a roof. The mosque was primarily a space for prayer and the hosting of pilgrims who arrived to perform religious rites. It was also during this time that the Prophet Muhammad was born and the religious significance of the mosque began to grow, as it served as the focal point for many of the events in his early prophethood.

The Umayyad Caliphate and the First Major Expansion
Following the conquest of Makkah in 630 CE, under the leadership of Prophet Muhammad, the Masjid al-Haram began to receive substantial attention in terms of expansion and enhancement. The Prophet expanded the mosque's area slightly, with a focus on accommodating the growing number of Muslims who had come to perform pilgrimage and prayer. However, the most significant development occurred during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in the late 7th century. He expanded the mosque to include additional space around the Kaaba and constructed a roofed area for prayer. The mosque began to take the form of a large and organized worship space, setting the foundation for later expansions.

The Abbasid Caliphate and Further Expansions
The Abbasid Caliphate, which succeeded the Umayyads in the 8th century, also made significant contributions to the development of Masjid al-Haram. Under the Abbasids, the mosque was expanded further, and more renovations were carried out to address the increasing number of pilgrims. They also made improvements to the surrounding infrastructure, including the addition of new gates and the development of paved pathways to facilitate access for pilgrims. The Abbasid period marked an era of institutionalizing the mosque as the primary site for Islamic worship and pilgrimage, consolidating its place as the epicenter of the Muslim world.

The Ottoman Period and the Heightened Focus on Preservation
During the Ottoman period, beginning in the early 16th century, Masjid al-Haram underwent extensive renovations, with the Ottomans dedicating significant resources to preserving and enhancing the mosque. The Ottomans constructed new domes and expanded the mosque’s boundaries to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims, particularly during the Hajj season. The iconic Ottoman-inspired elements, including the intricate calligraphy and design motifs, were added to the mosque’s architecture. This era also saw the introduction of new minarets and the establishment of a formalized system of maintenance for the mosque. Ottoman efforts focused on the preservation of the Kaaba and its surroundings, ensuring that the mosque remained a stable and welcoming place for worshippers.

Modern Saudi Expansions and Technological Integration
With the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 20th century, Masjid al-Haram underwent its most extensive expansions, driven by the vision of King Abdulaziz and subsequent monarchs. The mosque's area was dramatically increased to accommodate the ever-growing number of Muslim pilgrims, and state-of-the-art technologies were introduced to manage crowd control, improve security, and ensure comfort for worshippers. New prayer halls, multi-level galleries, and additional minarets were added to accommodate millions of pilgrims. The area surrounding the Kaaba was restructured to improve access, and sophisticated cooling systems were introduced to provide relief during the hot summer months. The expansion of the mosque continued into the 21st century under King Fahd, who oversaw the addition of vast prayer spaces and the expansion of the Mataf (circumambulation area) to meet the needs of a larger number of pilgrims. This modern era represents the blending of historical reverence with contemporary engineering, ensuring that the Masjid al-Haram remains at the center of Islamic worship and pilgrimage, providing a sacred space for millions of Muslims each year.

Kaaba
The Kaaba, (Bait ul-Allah) is the focal point of Muslim prayer i.e. Qibla, it is also the focal point of Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. It is considered by Muslims to be the Bayṫ Allāh (بَـيْـت ٱلله‎, literally meaning the "House of God"), and has a somewhat similar role to the Tabernacle and Holy of Holies in Judaic tradition. Being the qiblah (قِـبْـلَـة‎, direction of prayer), Muslims would face it when praying. The Quran contains several verses regarding the origin of the Kaaba. It states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship, and that it was built by prophets Ibrahim and Ishmael on Allah's instructions.

According to Islamic tradition, it was first built by Prophet Adam, but its current known structure traces its origins back to Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) and his son Isma'il (Ishmael), who are believed to have rebuilt it upon divine command. The Kaaba is a cuboid-shaped building, with each side measuring approximately 12 meters in height and 10-12 meters in length. It is constructed from granite stones, with the exterior clad in a black silk and gold-embroidered cloth, known as the Kiswa, which is replaced annually during the Hajj season.

The Kaaba's location and its role in Islamic worship are grounded in both historical events and religious commandments. It is the qibla, the direction towards which Muslims around the world face during their daily prayers. This directionality was instituted after the Prophet Muhammad was instructed by Allah to turn from Jerusalem to Makkah, making the Kaaba the central point for all Islamic rituals. The black stone embedded in the eastern corner of the Kaaba, known as the Hajar al-Aswad, is believed to have been sent from Paradise as a sign of divine mercy and forgiveness. Pilgrims performing the Tawaf, the act of circumambulating the Kaaba during Hajj and Umrah, seek to kiss or touch the stone as a symbol of spiritual connection and submission to Allah.

Architecturally, the Kaaba has undergone several modifications and reconstructions throughout its history. It was initially a simple structure, with a roofless design and open interior. During the reign of the Quraish, it was rebuilt, and the structure was reinforced with more durable materials. Subsequent repairs and renovations were carried out under the Caliphate of various Islamic dynasties, including the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Ottomans, each contributing to the architectural enhancements that solidified its status as the center of Islamic worship. The most recent renovations, carried out under the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, have involved the installation of modern security measures, enhanced structural reinforcements, and the addition of an extensive framework to maintain the sanctity of the site during the continuous flow of millions of pilgrims.

Mataaf
The Mataaf is the open area around the Kaaba, where pilgrims and Muslims circumbulate around Ka'bah. Total area of current Mataf's ground floor is about 14,000 square meters. The Kaba is located in the center of Mataf area, along with Hateem (Hajr Ismaeel) and Maqam Ibrahim.

Integral to the performance of Hajj and Umrah, the Mataf has undergone significant changes throughout history to accommodate the increasing number of pilgrims. The Mataf area was originally a relatively small sandy area, with a natural, unpaved surface and was first plastered by 'Abdullah ibn Zubayr, since then Mataaf has seen countless, building and rebuilding developments. Successive expansions—most notably during the Ottoman, Saudi, and modern eras—have transformed it into a vast, multi-level space capable of hosting millions.

The Mataf reflects meticulous planning to balance the preservation of its sacred atmosphere with modern functionality. The introduction of additional levels, smooth pathways, and barriers for crowd management ensures both accessibility and safety. Special lanes are designated for pilgrims with mobility needs, while advanced cooling systems keep the marble surface comfortable even in extreme heat.

ZamZam Well
The Zam Zam is a water well near, approximately 20 meters east, of the Kaaba, which according to Islamic Tradition sprang to quench the thirst of prophet Ishmael (Ismail). Islamic tradition states that the Zamzam Well was revealed to Hajar, the second wife of Ibrahim's and mother of Ismaʿil.

According to Islamic tradition, Hajar ran seven times between the hills of Safa and Marwah in search of water, until the Angel Jibreel (Gabriel) struck the ground, causing water to gush forth at her son's feet. This spring, known as Zamzam, has flowed continuously for millennia, sustaining pilgrims and locals alike, and is viewed as a sign of divine providence and mercy.

The well originally had two cisterns in the first era, one for drinking and one for ablution. In the era of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur, circa 771 CE (154/155 Hijri), a dome was built above the well, and it was tiled with marble.

Hydrogeological studies have revealed that Zamzam draws from an underground aquifer fed by rainwater, yet its uninterrupted flow and purity are considered miraculous by believers. The well is approximately 30 meters deep, and its water, rich in minerals, is known for its distinct taste and remarkable properties. Traditionally, pilgrims partake in Zamzam water during Hajj and Umrah, fulfilling the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, who described it as "a blessed water, and it is a cure for illness" (Sahih Muslim).

Maqam Ibrahim
The so-called Maqam Ibrahim (Station of Abraham) (مقام ابراهیم) houses the stone or small rock on which Prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is believed to have stood while constructing the Kaaba. The rock that is believed to have an imprint of Abraham's foot and is kept in an ornate crystal dome next to the Kaaba. Maqam Ibrahim (also spelled as Muqam Ibrahim) is spoken of in Quran in Surah al-Baqarah verse 125:

وَاتَّخِذُوا مِن مَّقَامِ إِبْرَاهِیمَ مُصَلًّی

And take the station of Ibrahim as a place of salah (prayer).

The stone, encased in a gilded and glass structure for protection, remains visible to pilgrims and serves as a focal point of devotion. The Quran further references the collaborative effort of Ibrahim and his son Isma'il (Ishmael) in raising the Kaaba's foundations in Surah al-Baqarah 2:127.

Hills of Safa and Marwah
The Safa and al-Marwah are twin hills of Sa'yee at Sacred Mosque. Safa and Marwah are two hills between which Abraham's wife Hagar ran, looking for water for her infant son Ishmael, an event which is commemorated in the saʿy ritual of the pilgrimage. Pilgrims make rounds at these hills from Safa towards Marwah seven times in commemoration of Hajrah doing the same in search of water almost 4000 years ago.

Historically, the hills were natural formations outside the original boundaries of the Kaaba's enclosure, but successive expansions of the mosque have incorporated them into the sacred complex. The modern-day Mas'a gallery preserves the geological features of Safa and Marwah, with their summits clearly marked for pilgrims performing the Sa'i. Safa lies approximately 130 meters from the Kaaba, while Marwah is about 300 meters away, with the path between them spanning a total of approx. 400 meters.

Despite their integration into the mosque's architecture, the hills themselves have retained some of their natural contours. They are no longer exposed to the open air but remain accessible through a multi-level gallery designed to accommodate the increasing number of pilgrims. Pilgrims begin their Sa'i at mount Safa, ascending its slope to face the Kaaba in prayer before proceeding towards Marwah. The act of traversing the path seven times symbolizes not only Hajar’s historical journey but also a believer's continuous struggle and reliance on God.

Mas'a Gallery
The Mas'a, a corridor between the hills of Safa and Marwah within the Masjid al-Haram complex, is an integral part of the sacred rituals or pilgrimages of Hajj and Umrah. During the Saudi period it was included in the Mosque, via roofing and enclosures. The length of Sayee gallery (distance between Safa and Marwa) is approximately 450 meters (1,480 feet). The two points and the path between them are now inside a long gallery that forms part of the mosque. The Masa'a gallery connects two mounts preserving the memory of what Hajira and baby Ismail had endured after prophet Ibrahim left them.

This gallery marks the route for the Sa'i ritual, where pilgrims reenact Hajar's desperate search for water for her son, prophet Isma'il. Historically, the path was an open-air passage outside the mosque, but successive expansions have incorporated it within the mosque's structure, ensuring protection and accessibility for millions of pilgrims annually. The gallery is now a multi-level structure, with dedicated floors for walking and wheelchair access, designed to manage the enormous pilgrim flow while preserving the spiritual significance of this act of worship. Advanced cooling systems and markings indicating the exact locations of Safa and Marwah enhance the functionality of the Mas'a, blending modern engineering with profound historical and religious significance.

Gates of Masjid al-Haram
Today there are about 210 gates of the Masjid al-Haram complex, that grant access to different internal areas of the Grand Mosque. The gates of Masjid al-Haram serve as both functional and symbolic thresholds to one of the most sacred spaces in Islam. Historically, the mosque's gates have evolved alongside its expansions, reflecting the architectural styles of different Islamic eras while adapting to the increasing number of pilgrims. Early references to the gates can be traced to the Abbasid and Mamluk periods, during which names like Bab al-Salam and Bab Ibrahim emerged, often derived from their geographical location or associated historical events. Today, the mosque features over 210 gates, including iconic ones such as Bab al-Malik Abdulaziz and Bab al-Fath, designed to facilitate smooth entry and exit for millions of worshippers. Constructed using high-quality marble, intricate calligraphy, and durable materials, these gates are equipped with advanced technology for crowd management, security, and accessibility, including escalators and signage to aid visitors. Each gate is meticulously maintained, embodying a blend of tradition and modernity, and serving as a testament to the enduring legacy of Islamic architecture and devotion.

Library of Masjid al-Haram
The Grand Mosque Library is situated on the second floor (accessible from the gate no. 79/80) of the King Fahd Expansion and occupies an area exceeding 800 square meters. The library is designed to accommodate individuals with special needs and provides a range of services, including information services, self-photography, digital book browsing, audio resources (such as sermons (Khutub الخطب), lessons (الدروس), and recitations), and digital copying of books and sermons. Its establishment aims to reinforce the scientific and advocacy mission of the Two Holy Mosques by offering a comprehensive system of guidance, advisory, and educational services to their visitors.

The establishment of the Grand Mosque Library was initiated by His Excellency, the President General of the Affairs of the Grand Mosque, Sheikh Professor Dr. Abdulrahman bin Abdulaziz al-Sudais. Its inauguration took place on Saturday, June 1, 2013 (22 Rajab 1434 Hijri), under the patronage of His Royal Highness Prince Khalid al-Faisal, Governor of Makkah al-Mukarramah, within the King Fahd Expansion. Initially, the library operated under the direct supervision of the President General of the Affairs of the Grand Mosque and is currently affiliated with the Presidency Agency for the Affairs of the Grand Mosque and the Prophet's Mosque. The library features a reading hall, an audio library, a digital library, and computer facilities, providing visitors with access to a wide range of sciences and knowledge. Open to the public 24 hours a day, the Grand Mosque Library remains a pivotal resource for intellectual and educational engagement.

circa 1930 CE

Bab Bani Shaybah
The Bab Bani Shaybah (left); until 1950s this single single free standing arch was a part of Mataaf area. al-Maqdisi accounts nineteen gates of Masjid al-Haram while naming these. According to al-Maqdisi's account it is preferable and desirable for pilgrims to enter the mosque through this gate. This gate has since 1960s been removed. The other two significant structures are Muqam Ibrahim (center) and Ka'bah (right).

circa

Maqamat of the Four Imams
The stations (maqamat) of the four imams were a series of four free-standing canopied structures which used to mark the musalla (prayer leading spot for imams) in the mataf area of the Great Mosque. These were of varying sizes, and were located around the Kaaba in four separate directions. These were demolished during the 1925/1926 CE demolition campaign.

Ottoman Porticoes
The Ottoman Porticoes, are the arched porches built around the courtyard (mataaf) built during the Ottoman era. During the King Abdullah Expansion these porticoes were designated to be preserved, and now stand re-built on three sides of the Mataaf area, except the al-Masa'a. Some of these porticoes were rebuilt some 15 years ago due to the damage suffered in earlier expansions. All the original porticoes will be preserved except these newly reconstructed ones.

circa 1500-1940 CE

Ottoman and Early Saudi Era
In 1570 CE, Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque. This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally, and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque. These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building.

During heavy rains and flash floods in 1621 and 1629 CE, the walls of the Kaaba and the mosque suffered extensive damage. In 1629, during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, the mosque was renovated. In the renovation of the mosque, a new stone arcade was added, three more minarets (bringing the total to seven) were built, and the marble flooring was retiled. This was the unaltered state of the mosque for nearly three centuries until the Saudi Era.

circa 1950-1975 CE

King Saud Expansion
The first major renovation under the Saudi kings was undertaken during the reign of Malik al-Saud between 1955 and 1973. In this renovation, four more minarets were added, the ceiling was refurnished, and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble. The Mas'a gallery (As-Safa and Al-Marwah) is included in the Mosque, via roofing and enclosures.

circa 1975-1990 CE

King Fahad Expansion
The second Saudi renovations under King Fahd, added a new wing and an outdoor prayer area to the mosque. The new wing, which is also for prayers, is reached through the King Fahd Gate. This extension was performed between 1982 and 1988 CE.

circa 2008 CE

King 'Abdullah Expansion
Malik 'Abdullah ibn Abdulaziz expansion of Masjid al-Haram, 2008- till date CE. The modern expansion included 300,000 square metres of space towards the north-west of existing structures. It can accommodate 1.2 million worshippers, including a multi-level extension on the north side of the complex, new stairways and tunnels, a gate named after King Abdullah (lower left). The Great Mosque of Mecca is a very dynamic structure, it has been ever expanding since the sixth century until very recently.