Formerly known as Yathrib, this ancient city witnessed a rich tapestry of cultural, economic, and social intricacies long before the transformative advent of Islam. In the pre-Islamic era, its landscape was shaped by the ebb and flow of tribal dynamics, trade routes, and diverse religious influences.

However, it was the arrival of Prophet Muhammad in 622 CE that etched a new chapter in Medina's chronicles, heralding an era of unity, spirituality, and governance. Renamed the "City of the Prophet," Madinah became the nucleus of early Islamic civilization, witnessing the establishment of the first Islamic state under the guidance of Prophet Muhammad. The post-Islamic era in Medina encompasses its role as a center for religious, social, and administrative advancements, serving as the base for crucial Islamic military campaigns and contributing to the expansion and dissemination of Islam. The history of Medina stands as an integral part of Islamic heritage, embodying the profound impact of Islam on the city's cultural, political, and spiritual landscape.

Medina boasts numerous notable sites and landmarks, predominantly comprised of mosques with profound historical importance. Among these are the previously mentioned three mosques, Masjid al-Fath (commonly known as Masjid al-Khandaq), the Seven Mosques, and the Baqi' Cemetery, believed to be the final resting place of numerous esteemed Islamic figures. Adjacent to the Prophet's Mosque in the southeast lies the Uhud mountain, notable for being the battleground of the eponymous Battle of Uhud. Additionally, the King Fahd Glorious Qur'an Printing Complex, positioned in Medina, serves as a major facility for the production of contemporary copies of the Qur'an.

circa 1700 BCE to 622 CE

Pre-Islamic Period
Before the advent of Islam, Medina, then known as Yathrib, was a city deeply entrenched in the tribal dynamics of the Arabian Peninsula. Inhabited by various Arab tribes, particularly the Aws and Khazraj, the city was characterized by longstanding conflicts and rivalries. Its economic foundation rested on agriculture, with date cultivation being a prominent activity. Despite its economic prosperity as a trade center, Yathrib struggled with internal divisions, and tribal feuds often erupted into violent clashes. The absence of a centralized authority and the prevalence of tribal affiliations contributed to an environment of instability and social fragmentation. The city's religious landscape was diverse, encompassing Arab paganism, Judaism, and various local traditions. Yathrib's history, marked by these tribal tensions and cultural amalgamation, underwent a transformative shift with the arrival of Prophet Muhammad in 622 CE.

circa 622 CE -

After the Advent of Islam
The post-Islamic period of Madinah witnessed a profound transformation under the leadership of Prophet Muhammad. Following the Hijrah (migration) from Mecca, the city was renamed Medina, reflecting its newfound status as the "City of the Prophet." Muhammad's arrival brought about a unifying force, as he mediated conflicts between the Aws and Khazraj tribes and established the Constitution of Medina, fostering cooperation among diverse communities. The Prophet's Mosque was constructed, becoming a central hub for worship, education, and governance. Medina became the first Islamic state, serving as a model for Islamic governance and societal harmony. The city played a crucial role in the consolidation and expansion of the Muslim community, serving as a base for various military campaigns. The post-Islamic history of Medina is intertwined with the early years of Islam, marking the establishment of a just and inclusive society under the guidance of Prophet Muhammad.